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Goodrich keep. Also an additional strip of masonry to give additional strength and support. Sometimes clasping buttresses at corner of great keeps are of such dimensions as to be able to house spiral staircase see Vice within their bulk. Bowmen stood at a fixed mark and usually aimed at ‘targes’ round shields or ‘targets’ smaller versions of the same though other targets were used elsewhere willow-wand, tethered bird etc. So called because of the prevalence of this feature at Caernarvon Castle.

If to these are added Criccieth, Dinas Caernarvon, Arch Enrys, Dolbadarn, Dolwyddellan and Deganwy there is a roll-call of military architecture which cannot be ignored. There are slight remains in the county town, Wisbech has vanished under later building but there are traces at Burwell, Castle Camps, Caxton, Ely.

An illustration c. The gunner is firing the charge with a red-hot iron bar and standing well back! Early cannon were inferior in every respect to the great siege-engines they : were slow and small, they were limited in C14 to firing bolts or ‘garrots’ and they had a very limited range.

They were probably asdangerous to their users as to the enemy and affected the morale ofmen and horses rather than damaged persons or buildings. These terrifying pieces were given personal names and with ‘Newcastle’ and ‘London’, Warwick the Kingmaker took Hamburgh castle hitherto considered impregnable in But cannon were not easily available and the older engines were in effective use in CI 6 and after the defenders of Pontefract in the Civil War seem to have used ‘petrarii’ as well as muskets.

MonsMeg c. There are scant stone remnants at Aberystwyth and Cardigan and earthworks at e. Abereinon, Blaenporth, Dinerth not indexed. Near sea were Laugharne, Llanstephan and St. These last are : not indexed, nor are Aber Cowyn, Cenarth Fawr, Llanelly, Llychewin and Pencader which would be included in an exhaustive list.

Apart from flooring and roofing, building hourds and were also largely responsible for brattices, they siege-engines q. They also made furniture, panelling for rooms and scaffolding for building operations. One of Edward Fs chief carpenters was Thomas of Haughton who designed woodwork of Queen Eleanor’s tomb, planned siege engines, inspected royal forests and designed a pile-driver. In CI 5 a master carpenter at Kirby Muxloe was paid 8d a day. Carpenters and other skilled craftsmen were called up for the king’s works under Edward I in such numbers that other construction must have been seriously hindered and Edward Ill’s demands for the glorification of Windsor in the 1 s resulted in ‘almost all the masons and carpenters throughout the whole of England being brought to that building, so that hardly anyone could have any good Castellan mason or carpenter, except in secret, on account of the king s prohibition’ Throughout the castle period, domestic buildings within the bailey were being constructed of wood.

The importance of carpenters is indicated by the vast quantities of timber q v. When Henry III besieged Bedford , Carpenters he urgently required carpenters for his siege engines and ordered his constable at Windsor to provide horses for Master Thomas and his fellow carpenters together with their gear ‘so that they shall be able to travel to us by day and night as swiftly as they can and not tarry’ Perhaps the most impressive.

The elements were prefabricated on the ground and assembled by pegging together with oak dowels. The great owners included the king, magnates with scattered estates or Marcher Lords responsible for vast frontier areas. In large estates all castles could not have the lord as their castellan so their government was entrusted to a constable.

CASTLE Derived from the Latin ‘castellum’ a Castellan diminutive of ‘castrum’ and applied to the fortified private houses as distinct from the communal stronghold which developed in Europe from C9. The word ‘castle’originally applied to the enclosure while the motte qv. A good modern definition C.

Oman’s is ‘a fortified dwelling intended for purposes of residence and defence’. Initially they were designed to hold down conquered territory and once their site was chosen, nothing was allowed to interfere with military necessity.

On inhabited sites houses were ruthlessly destroyed to clear space for castles e. No two castles are alike because of the effect of taste, topography, available materials and resources and the individual genius of designers. This uniqueness is one of the most interesting aspects of castle exploration. In a large castle a particular tenant might be entrusted with the defence of a specific tower which, in consequence, might be known by his name.

The towers at Dover are all named after the fiefs which provided their knightly garrison. By midC12 this feudal obligation was being increasingly commuted for money rent so that castles could be garrisoned by a professional soldiers see Ward Penny. The manor of Drayton, Bucks. Obligation did not always lie to a neighbouring fortress e.

In major castles continuity of service was secured by a system of relays or constabularies e. Bury St. Edmunds’ Abbey suppUed four constabularies to Norwich, each of which served three months. Other examples in Shropshire one tenant had to supply a mounted soldier : for 40 days while another had to provide a horseman with horse, hauberk, helmet and lance for Oswestry in 1 a tenant of Leaton held his land by ; serving with his ballista for eight days nearly a century later the same land ; was held by providing an archer with a bow and three unfeathered arrows for 40 days.

When his term was up the archer had ‘to shoot his shafts into three quarters of the said castle Shrewsbury and to depart, unless the king wished to detain him’. The normal length of service seems to have varied from eight to 40 days. In cases of default, distraint was levied first on the goods of the defaulter’s serfs and sub-tenants. Commutation was encouraged by the practice of irresponsible sub-tenants who sent unsoldierlike men to do castle-guard.

The obligation of guard-service seems normally to have extended to 20 days inpeacetime and in time of war. The Cat construction of a greatmound perhaps of diameter or more in as little as a week ft required a considerable labour force. The Anglo-Saxon requirement by which men worked on the communal was ‘burh’ re-directed under the Normans work on the to castles of their overloads.

This labour was organised on a county basis and for work in Castle Work London men were impressed from the Home Counties. Even religious houses had difficulty in gaining exemption from this general obligation and as late as the sheriff of Berkshire summoned in the king’s name all the men of his county ‘to come without delay to repair the ditch of our castle and town at Wallingford, as they were accustomed to do in times past’ Besides digging, other feudal dues included the maintenance of the palisade see Herrison e.

At maintenance of the quarters of the a higher social level the garrison was the responsibility of the baron whose men performed the service of castle guard qv. In the anarchy of Stephen’s reign, according to the chronicler, the great lords ‘burdened the country with forced labour on their castles’ Dunstanburgh masonry shows obvious distinction between the keep-gatehouse the work of Master Elias , the frontal wall and towers in ashlar, and the cliff wall of rubble with clay infilling.

This last is clearly amateurish and is built in sections of about 40 ft length with visible junctions. It is likely that this work represents a late continuation of the feudal duty of castle-work carried out by the Embleton tenantry for their lord.

Earl Thomas on a castle that was not licensed. Castle work could include : finding wood for a particular fire-place, serving kitchen with water, cartage providing oxen to draw engines and attending knights in bailey with water for washing. CAT A long, low timber gallery with longitudinal roof, sharply pointed and braced with iron to protect from descending missiles.

So called it from its slow, stealthy approach This wheeled. It was brought into position by rollers and levers or by ropes, pulleys and winches. Also called ‘tortoise’ and, in some French provinces, ‘rat’. Cat In the Norsemen broke into Rothesay by using a cat. These projectileswere 6 ft long and very heavy. They could be firebrands and some catapults seem to have thrown small stones.

They derived their energy from the ‘spring’ of a very large and heavy bow. Catapults effectively defended Kenilworth when they destroyed a threatening ‘bear’ q.

The S. The tower is excellently situated for such an emplacement. Similarly the N. In the late CI when domestic buildings began to be laid out against the interior faces of curtain the internal projections of such towers occupied space uneconomically and therefore were cut off flush inside the walls, projecting only towards the field to flank the curtain.

At Helmsley the keep is astride the wall and in some places the hall was so placed as to extend into a cavalier tower which then provided a Cavalier Tower Mortimers, Ludlow : solar.

It was a common object of booty after a battle – see also Hauberk. When it was located above the hall e. Conisbrough, Stokesay, Warkworth it was entered by vice, wooden stair or mural staircase from the hall.

It had its own privies and often lavabo and aumbries in the thickness of the wall. Durham, Famham , or separate from them e. Hastings, Ludlow, Rising, Windsor. It seems to have been the rule that a chapel should have no structure between it and ‘heaven’ but Newcastle is exceptional with its chapel in the basement of the forebuilding. In spite of military exigencies chapels were orientated as nearly as possible.

Many castles had more than one chapel e. Dover, Leeds, Pontefract and some had within their baileys great cathedral-like collegiate churches e. Bridgnorth, Hastings, Leicester, Windsor. The collegiate church of St Mary, Warwick, may have originated in the castle before its removal to a new and more commodious site in the town.

Where the castle and parish church stood side by side e. Bolton, Earls Barton, Higham Ferrers, the lord and family and the garrison doubtless used the neighbouring church.

Nevertheless there are private chapels even when the church is near e. Bolton, Ludlow, Warwick. The chantry movement increased the number of castle chapels e. Conisbrough, London or its forebuilding e. Dover, Middleham, Newcastle, Portchester in gatehouse e. Conway, Kidwelly, Richmond. At least as much expenditure was made on the decoration and furniture of a castle chapel as any other chapel. They probably had stained glass and almost certainly wall paintings.

They are often the only room in a castle which is carved and vaulted e. Conisbrough, Rising. Some of the furniture in the form of altars e. Broughton, Chipchase, Nunney aumbries and piscinas e. Weobley was ‘built in’ and theirremains are visible.

The chapel at Leeds even had a low side window. The chapel at Famham c. John in the Tower is a modest sized church. They were even provided for the spiritual welfare of labourers on the site before the castle was built e. Kirby Muxloe The chaplain always seems to have been present in the garrison among those at Appleby fined in 1 1 76 for facile surrender to the Scots was William, the ‘clericus’ of Appleby.

He might also act as the local parish priest or as chantry chaplain. During their three days stay at Newark before advancing to assault Lincoln, King John’s forces were prepared for danger of death by confession, absolution and communion. The chaplain’s functions often extended beyond sacerdotal duties e.

In the early days he may have been the only literate member of the garrison and as such he would function as a ‘clerk’ i. In some cases he seems to have been the medical officer or surgeon, like the colourful Philip Porpeis, chaplain of Kenilworth, who mockingly excommunicated the king’s forces and the Chaplain as Surgeon Archbishop of Canterbury in after he and 1 the rest of the garrison had been excommunicated in earnest.

His literate function can be over-estimated in the later Middle Ages when many castellanswere reading knightly romances and their ladieshad their own prayer books. The chapel at Berkeley had texts from the bible inscribed in English on its walls translated by its chaplain at the end of CI 4.

Chaplains obviously varied in status and the pay of a simple chaplain in the early CI 3 could be as little as Id a day. On the other hand, in the great royal castle at Winchester, Henry III provided a suite of rooms for the priests and even in smaller castles the chaplain seems to have had individual accommodation, usually near the chapel e.

Beverston, Bolton. Surgery CHASES Slots or grooves above a doorway or in an entrance passage through which the portcullis descended and which held it in position. Sometimes there are as many as three sets in a single gatehouse passage e. Kidwelly, Pembroke. More common materials were boiling water, animal fat and powdered quick-lime, but there is no evidence for boiling oil or lead – they were too expensive and rare.

There is some evidence for the existence of arrows in the early C14 where a phial of quick-lime replaced the barb. Its rampart walk could be attained via a postern and drawbridge from one of the rooms in the keep. In tngland a chemise is more often a feature of CI 6 artillery forts than of mediaeval castles.

Peckforion is included for its unique character. Beeston and Halton have some masonry remains, while at Aldford and Pulford earthworks survive as a remainder of a further three royal, and about a dozen baronial, castles which once existed.

When fireplaces were built against a wall, the earliest ones had flues passing straight through the back often ending in two vents on either side of an external strip-buttress. Vertical flues in the thickness of the wall are only found in late keeps e. Conisbrough, Scarborough.

The chimney stack over the hall range at St Briavel’s has a short spire crowned with the horn of the King’s Forester also Constable as a finial. Leland remarked c. There is a fine chimney at Christchurch and interesting ones at Manorbier.

Cylindrical examples at Framlingham c. A conscious attempt on the part of the Church to civilise barbarian war-lords and to convert ‘might is right’ to ‘noblesse oblige’. Its efforts were not entirely unsuccessful. Some castles at some times provided shelter and protection for the weak and helpless instead of posing a threat. Royal castles often had an almonry as when Henry III ordered his constable at Windsor on Good Friday to fill both the great hall and the hall in the keep with poor people and feed them.

Perhaps local lords acted similarly and thus originated the tradition of obligation which has long marked the English gentry. Chevalier Windsor was a legendary location of the Arthurian Round Table q. Five years later on St. George’s Day the Order of the Garter was instituted with 26 knights. This was later supplemented by the foundation of a charitable Order of Poor Knights. Chivalry remained a Chivalry and, in spite of the church, its ‘caste’ affair principles tended to be applied only in the treatment of class equals.

Carreg Cennen. Caernarvon had a cistern tower on its south side in addition to the great well tower on the north. Criccieth had a stone-lined cistern in the floor of the gatehouse passage fed by a spring. There was possibly a cistern at the top of Conisbrough keep, probably as part of the defence arrangements. At the beginning of CI 6, according to Leland, there survived at Bolton ‘a very fair clocke cum motu solis el lunae and other Conclusyons.

There is a later series, built about , for which see 1 Artillery Fort. The lord himself was rarely present during a siege, probably for the following reasons it was considered more : honourable to fight in the field, he was free to mobilise relief, he was not isolated from great events happening elsewhere and there was less chance of his capture and the consequent and possibly disastrous ransom.

In any case the lord was frequently engaged elsewhere he had other duties and : other castles. It was not unknown for his lady to conduct a castle’s defence Concentric Plan Beaumaris : with vigour and success in his absence see Women, Military Capacity of. In Odinek de Humfraville, Lord of Prudhoe, spurred his horse Baucan day and night to raise a force for the relief of his castle which was being defended by his constable against the Scots.

In its perfect form the site on which the castle was built was surrounded by a ditch. Within this wall, and only separated from it by a narrow space of open ground, rose a second and much higher wall also flanked at corners and on faces by towers.

This inner wall enclosed the main wall and the intermediate space formed the outer ward or ‘lists’. There was no keep but entrances were defended by powerful keep-like gatehouses e. Edwardian castles especially Beaumaris and the earlier Caerphilly. This principle was sometimes applied to older fortresses such as Dover and London which were converted to the concentric plan in the time of Henry III.

When the site did not lend itself to the full application of concentrism, additions were made according to the basic principle of a unified and aggressive defence e. Goodrich, Middleham. Though he was not owner he the occupied the great chamber as would the lord of a residential castle. It was an important position, sometimes bestowed on a great baron as an honour and some royal castles had hereditary constables. He was responsible in the more or less permanent absence of the owner and had, for instance, to decide whether to hold the castle or surrender it when threatened e.

Robert de Stuteville at Wark, in and A notable constable was Hubert de Burgh Dover who instructed his men, as he left to pursue the French by sea, ‘If I should be taken in the battle rather let me be hanged than surrender this fortress, for it is the key of England’. James of St. George, designer of Edward’s great castles in Wales, became first constable of Harlech.

Representative constables looked after their lord’s interests and possessions. In the early CI 4 the constable of Pickering is estimated to have had charge of nearly 3, animals whose breeding and well-being played a large part in the life, resources and economy of that castle.

Besides being a super gamekeeper the constable could be a kind of royal almoner, as at Windsor in where William Marshall, Constable he was responsible for feeding the poor on Good Friday. The responsibilities could be dangerous e. Gospatric was heavily fined in for surrending Appleby, and Andrew de Harcla, constable of Carlisle, was executed in allegedly for treating with the Scots. On the other hand they were expected to use their discretion e.

Furthermore, he had not kept an eye on his underlings. The steward had disposed of beds and furniture to the value of ten marks while his deputy had been negligent in his accounting. Another deputy managed to steal the refectory table, seven stones of lead and the iron frame of a mangonel. The constable of Norwich ruled the whole town, and hunting and fishing rights or claims were often a subject of dispute with the townsfolk.

Constables also claimed an allowance for the maintenance of prisoners at the Tower in the reign of Richard II it was 3s 4d a week for yeomen and servants confined with their masters. The full range of a castle’s privileges and powers is seen in the royal castle at Corfe – the head of the Isle of Purbeck. Its constable was Lord Lieutenant and Admiral with power to array the militia, and every tithing group of ten householders was bound, in time of war, to provide one member of the garrison at the king s wages for ten days.

In addition, many local farms had to supply a set quantity of bushels of wheat or cartloads of hay for the castle. One tenantry depended on the holder finding a carpenter when required to work about the great tower’ Besides these dues ‘. From any ship putting in at one of his ports he claimed ‘prisage’ i. He also claimed all royal fish grampuses, porpoises and sturgeons caught off the coast and all falcons nesting on his lands.

He sold licences for sea-fishing and his warrencrs and gamekeepers punished breaches of the game laws the gamekeepers were entitled, with notice, to free board and drink for one day each week from every tenant on the Isle. A tenant could not give a daughter in marriage without the constable’s consent. A corbel-table is a horizontal row of A such projecting stones. Tintagel must be mentioned because of its siteand to complete the picture we have included Cam Brea, Pendennis, Pengersick and St.

CORRIDORS Trematon, Cornwall, Curtain and Shell-Keep Internal corridors are rare in mediaeval buildings and communication between rooms at ground level was often through timber pent-houses passing along the outer faces of walls compare cloister-walk in abbeys. There were probably roofed wooden passages across the courtyard from building to building but in all likelihood they were at least partially open at the sides.

He spent more on Scarborough and Knaresborough than on any other castle. Their fortifications were not neglected though these seem to have been concentrated on castles with which he was familiar Carlisle, damaged by Scots, was not repaired for 40 years.

York was not made an effective fortress until Henry’s visit in which resulted in Clifford’s Tower. In spite of the importance and comparatively high salaries of the skilled master workmen it is reckoned that over Vs of wages was expended in payments to ‘the hodmen with baskets, bags, hand-barrows and tubs, carriers of water in barrels, and watchmen’.

Besiegers’ defence- work. In earliest castles was probably defended by a herrison q. The entrance to the earliest keeps rose on a bridge or ladder from the counterscarp of the ditch which ringed the motte. Counterscarp also describes the outer slope of a ditch as against the scarp which is the slope on the side nearer the castle. COURTS Royal justice was often delegated to great vassals who held ‘barony courts’ in the great hall of their castles. They heard both civil and criminal cases concerned with property, rights, dues and taxes and they often had the explicit ‘ right of pit and gallows’ The location of the castle gallows is sometimes.

The embrasure in a parapet between merlons qv. To ‘crenellate’ means to ‘fortify’. A royal licence q. Records survive of such licences from the reign of King John and provide invaluable evidence for dating castles though they are not always reliable. The original timber stockadeswhich defended the earliest castleswere probably crenellated. When wood was replaced by stone wall it was Crenels battlemented and provided with an allure from a comparatively early date. The form of crenellation is basically unchanged during CI 3 to CI 4 but its efficacy is improved by increasing the number of crenels and narrowing the length of the intervening merlons.

The apogee of crenellation in England probably occurs in the double system of parapets on the summit of Caesar’s Tower, Warwick late C14 – a masterpiece of contemporary military architecture. Some seem to have been capable of firing two bolts q. The primitive crossbow was probably introduced into England as a military weapon by the Normans. Their bow was made of wood and cocked by hand. The arbalist held its fore-end firmly to the ground with his foot through the stirrup while pulling back the string with both hands.

The crossbow became a highly lethal weapon and was forbidden by the Church. In spite of this, Richard I who was an expert shot, encouraged its use. It was perhaps ironical that he met his death from this weapon, though some considered it a just retribution for his defiance of the Church’s interdiction of its use against fellow-Christians. Crossbow- man At date the bow was probably still of this wood but given additional power by a composite construction using wood, horn, sinew and glue.

During CI 2 the crossbow was considerably improved and the wooden bow was eventually replaced by heavy steel which required mechanical aid to cock it windlass. Crossbow-men cranquin or lever. Many of these weapons had a draw-weight of over a quarter of a ton while the heavier siege crossbow could draw over half a ton. Crossbow strings were made of yarn and greased with tallow. The East Tower at Warkworth has a huge loop in each of its five outer faces designed for the operation of a crossbow 16 ft long.

Because of its deadliness, the crossbow q. Note double barrelled version There is controversy about the relative effectiveness of the cross and long-bow and perhaps significant that Caernarvon was looped for the it is long-bow , but there is no doubt that neither was ever rivalled by the hand-gun in the Middle Ages.

For the pay of crossbow-men see Wages. The could vaiy in social status of : a group of 84 serving King John c. They also served a defensive purpose by forming a barrier which divides the tower into two halves.

This cross-wall reached from the base to the summit of the keep and it was often central e. Portchester, Rochester, Scarborough. In towers of oblong plan it usually divided them into unequal rectangles e. Middleham, Rising. The cross-wall at Bowes is so eccentric that it divides the keep into large square chambers with a very narrow subsidiary one. In a square keep the cross-wall is usually opposite the main entrance and parallel with the forebuilding.

At Hedingham, Lancaster, Portchester, Scarborough, it is built at right-angles to the forebuilding so that the main entrance is at an end and not a side of the main room c. On the second floor at Rochester it is broken by two pairs of rounded arches separated by a block which contains the well-shaft.

The cross- wall is not found in all keeps. It is not necessary in small ones e. Clun, Guildford but even larger keeps dispense with it e. Kenilworth, Richmond, Newcastle.

Conversely, some keeps had subsidiary cross- walls e. There is a rare example Warwick, on the wall between at Crow’s Nest, Warwick Clarence and Guy Towers, allegedly to watch for infringement of curfew in the town below. CRUSADES A considerable influence on castle design including development of flanking towers and replacement of square or rectangular towers by round or polygonal ones.

The Third Crusade brought an increased awareness of the power of siege engines and the dangers of sapping and mining. A number of castle chapels had crypts e.

London Tower, Oxford. CULVERIN A C14 small-bore cannon, transitional between hand-gun and full cannon, used for anti-personnel work as distinct from the bombards which were for battering walls and towers.

Some of the gatehouse loops at Bodiam seem to have been designed for culverins. The name is derived from the snake-like handles attached to them. A demi-culverin was even smaller and had a four ins bore. From the late CI 3 the North of England was in continuous danger of invasion and border raids and plundering expeditions were endemic.

Consequently defence works not only included formal castles but extended to religious houses and smaller domestic structures such as the Vicar’s Peles Lanercost, Croglin , and bastle-houses Old Vicarage, Denton.

This last village seems to have possessed three peles, two bastle-houses and a motte-and-bailey castle if not two The religious! Grey stoke. Strictly speaking, the stretch of wall ‘hanging’ between two towers but often used of the whole wall including the towers bounding any portion of a castle. The cross-curtain subdivides the bailey into two wards. Lofty walls seem to have been the answer to improved siege-engines, especially the trebuchet q. Raising the walls makes their bases more vulnerable unless the guardians lean out and Curtain Conway thus expose themeselves.

This problem was solved by hoarding q. Carisbrooke, Portchester, and most of all by wall-towers which cover the berm q. The following seem to be the earliest curtain walls Brough c. Curtain with rectangular towers at e. Framlingham 1 , with Conway rounded towers e. Bungay c. Fortifications were much concerned with the elimination of such areas e. The economics of power money over land, town over : country, central over local government and the economics of cost castles, like : education, became too much for local resources.

There were even cheaper military alternatives cannon fodder was : cheaper than knights and more expendable, there was no need for the arbiters of power to risk their own skins any more. Power too had changed geography and the corridors of power were no longer on the Welsh Marches or amid the Northumbrian hills. The form of conspicuous extravagance had changed and power demanded its comforts or, Decline alternatively, status required comfort as a compensation for loss of power.

Social gaps had widened and communal life was out of fashion the great hall became : either the servants’ hall or a mere vestibule to the private quarters. Even with all this change castles were good still enough for prisoners and as the number of prisoners increased the whole castle was taken over as a prison and up to CI even new prisons were crenellated.

As fortifications, their obsolescence was hastened by the increasing development of firearms during C14 and after. As dwelling-houses, increasing luxury led to the great house whose fortifications were only token. Perhaps too much has been made of the influence of gunpowder – castles put up a prolonged resistance against artillery during the Civil War of CI 7. At Weobley, Glam. Stained glass was rare apart from the chapel but not unknown in the halls in the laterMiddle Ages.

Walls were decorated with tapestries and from the time of Henry III with wall painting. These murals were sometimes abstract green with gold stars or consisted of medallions depicting sacred and secular subjects. Later, entire walls were covered with mural paintings e.

Longthorpe Tower. In Henry III ordered that his castle of Guildford should have its hall pillars and arches marbled, the great chamber whitewashed and marked out in squares and its ceiling painted green spangled with gold and silver.

In the greater castles, gardens were elaborated into ‘pleasaunces’ instead of being mere sources of food. They are thought to be designed to give an impression of manning, but Hamilton Thompson remarks that ‘An enemy who could be daunted by the illusion of a rather diminutive archer or slinger balancing himself upon a narrow coping must have had very little experience of warfare’.

One may question this, particularly at night, in the flickering light of a watch-fire or the half-light of dawn or dusk. In some cases the mottes were partly quarried away e. Groby, Weston Turville and the defensive timber-work transferred to another site. In other cases walls or towers were broken rather than completely demoHshed.

At Owston Ferry there were fines for inadequate demolition. Tomen y Rhodwydd. Holt was demolished in CI 7 and Chirk has been adjusted for continuous habitation even if the Edwardian castle had ever been finished. Of true castles there are remains at Codnor, Mackworth and the romantically sited Peveril. Nothing much more than the site remains at Bolsover and of Duffield whose keep once rivalled Colchester and the White Tower nothing remains above ground.

Specialists in the art of castle building came from various parts of feudal society – one of the most famous was a devout and emotional Benedictine monk Gundulf. Ideas travelled, so that a feature in one castle could be copied or improved in another. Here and there we find real innovation, a principle well ahead of its time, but its existence is the only memorial of its inventor. Later than these are the castles at Powderham and Tiverton.

They were concentrated on the borders of the mediaeval kingdom the marches of Scotland : Tomes. Devon and Wales and the S. During Anarchy, castles seem to have been distributed at about ten mile intervals, at least in some parts of the country e. Cambridgeshire, Leicestershire. Castles are found in every county of the interior because of their original purpose of holding the Norman Conquest against local rising.

They were maintained as status symbols and because possessions might still need to be defended. There was a continuing possibility of civil factions as long as there were over mighty subjects and weak rulers. There was no overall national plan and though an individual site might be skilfully chosen to command a line of communication perhaps no longer used or to protect a settlement perhaps now shrunk in importance , other considerations operate such as proximity to hunting country e.

Odiham or struggle for power e. Castles were scarce where there was a sparse population e. They were also infrequent where there were extensive abbey lands. There are extensive abbey lands in the Cotswolds, South Lincolnshire, around St. Edmundsbury and Glastonbury, and consequently few castles. Scattered fiefs required a number of castles, whereas a compact fief needed only one. Thus a much-castled district was usually a region where proprietorship was much divided.

Holdings were deliberately dispersed in William’s original grants to avoid a concentration of strength which might rival that of the king, but this situation could be modified as a result of subsequent inheritance mainly through marriage or later award e. Bishop Gundulf s Tower, the Cliffords, based originally on Wye, Rochester acquired half of Westmorland through Vipon marriage the Bigods of Norfolk obtained ; Chepstow through Marshall marriage and the Fitzalans of Clun acquired most of Sussex through marrying the heiress of Arundel.

Consequently the holdings of John of Gaunt extended from Northumberland to Wiltshire, from Essex to South Wales and he owned about twenty of the most powerful castles in England. Elaborate ones were designed by engineers and dug by ‘fossores’ They were usually revetted with turf and.

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Butterfly House , Dorchester , Dorset Ease, relaxation, and a little bit of well-deserved luxury awaits you at Butterfly House. Barn In Dorset , Lulworth Cove , Dorset Built with local Purbeck stone this attractive and cosy barn conversion enjoys fantastic rural views and is an ideal base for Huxley House , Dorchester , Dorset Holidays are best spent appreciating what is most important, friends and family.

Hazelton Cottage , Dorchester , Dorset Sometimes we all need to find a little escape and Hazelton Cottage provides just that! Barn In Dorset , Sherborne , Dorset Stylish barn conversion property sleeping six located on the owners farm in the Dorset countryside, benefitting from its own outdoor spaces Barn In Dorset , Lulworth Cove , Dorset Built from local Purbeck stone, this traditional barn style property has fabulous rural views and is just half a mile from Stour Valley Cottage , Wimborne Minster , Dorset Situated in the charming Dorset town of Wimborne Minster, this traditional 18th century cottage is the perfect holiday retreat.

Signature Lodge with Hot Tub , Swanage , Dorset Our peaceful and quiet park offers stunning scenery in this beautiful and secluded part of Dorset. A holiday here is all about Barn In Dorset , Sherborne , Dorset Spacious barn conversion property situated in the Dorset countryside, with shared access to expansive grounds, a children s play area and

 
 

Hazel 3 Premier – Lodges & Log Cabins in Dorset sleeping 6

 

«Немыслимо», – подумала. Согласно информации, появившейся в окне, команда была подана менее двадцати минут. Сьюзан помнила, что за последние двадцать минут вводила только свой персональный код, когда выходила переговорить со Стратмором. Невозможно представить, что машина могла спутать пароль с командой отключения «Следопыта».

Понимая, что теряет время, Сьюзан вызвала на экран регистр замка и проверила, верно ли был введен персональный код.

 

 

Patio doors leading to decking with outdoor hot tub. Patio doors leading to outdoor decking with outdoor hot tub. Ideal for a break with loved ones. Perfect for a peaceful break away with family or friends.

Patio doors leading to spacious decking and outdoor hot tub. Perfect for family breaks in the region. Luxurious and spacious lodge with two doubles, one with a contemporary styled ensuite shower and dressing room, and two twin. Ideal for celebrating any occasion with families or groups of friends.

ReevooReveiwCount] reviews. Tap Click “Accept and Continue” or continue using our website to agree to the use of cookies and data processing technologies. Cookies are used by us and our trusted partners to provide necessary website functionality, analyse, personalise and enhance your experience on this website as well as to deliver tailored holiday-related ads on other websites.

Book with confidence. We are a member of ABTA. Read full details of our ABTA membership and where financial protection might apply to your booking. Company Registration Number: Calls may be recorded for training purposes. At some locations minimum spend applies. Can be combined with other offers. This discount is subject to availability and we reserve the right to withdraw or extend this offer at any time, without notice, at our sole discretion. Booking terms and conditions apply, please see website.

Discount included within price shown at time of booking. Duration: 1 night 2 nights 3 nights 4 nights 5 nights 7 nights 14 nights 21 nights. Book by 2pm to check in today! Call now. Book now with a deposit. Accommodation Details At this location Gallery Video. Holidays in About Hazel 3 Premier Luxurious and contemporary lodge with one double with stylish ensuite shower and dressing room and two twin. Specialist Features.

Key information icon-accomm-lodge icon-accomm-caravan icon-accomm-cottage icon-accomm-studio Lodge Asset 46 3 bedroom s icon-feature-guests Up to 6 people Safer Stays icon-feature-pets 2 pet s allowed icon-feature-checkin Check-in Check-out Special Offers: There aren’t any special offers at this time. Lodge features Choose from a selection of one, two, three and four bedroom lodges, some with their own outdoor hot tub.

Safer Stays We have recommended to all of our accommodation providers that they consider Covid guidance to adapt their cleaning processes. The owner of this accommodation has told us they are following the Safer Stays message, which includes: Cleaning and sanitisation to government guidelines Temporary removal of some non-essential high touch items Safe key collection and key drop Hand soap or sanitiser provided Social distancing measures where appropriate.

Check availability. Start Date:. Duration: 1 night 2 nights 3 nights 4 nights 5 nights 6 nights 7 nights 14 nights 21 nights. Wareham train station is just three miles from here, Poole train station seven and Bournemouth Airport 15 miles away. The resort, formerly known as Pear Tree Holiday Park, has been extensively refitted with attractive accommodation for a comfortable stay while offering the appeal of woodland living.

The lodges are fitted with everything you might need for a luxurious self-catered escape, with full kitchen and dining facilities. The kitchens have an oven, fridge freezer and all the utensils you will need to create a slap-up feast or set of packed lunches. There is an open plan dining area so you can all sit down together or take your meal out to the external decking space. The living space provides comfortable sofas and chairs and bathrooms come with a bath and shower.

It also has an outdoor hot tub on an external decking area. Please note pets are not permitted in this accommodation. Keywords in property description Pub Beach Luxury. Pets information Pet fees apply. Pets can stay at this property for free.

Pets can be added during the checkout process. About this property Luxurious and contemporary lodge with one double with stylish ensuite shower and dressing room and two twin. How long will it take to drive there? Go Remove. Nearby points of interest Durdle Door. Local amenities Powered by Clay Pipe Inn. Lovely lodge and very Covid friendly.

Hot tub was fab. Would highly recommend if you want to get away from it all. The park is clean, peaceful and relaxing. A pub for meals within easy walking distance. The lodge is exceptional. Everything you could need is there. Spacious and comfortable. The hot tub is a fab addition. Would highly recommend. The main room is spacious with dressing area and ensuite, but the twin rooms are very small fine for children. If you are a light sleeper, it would be worth taking ear plugs as the walls are made from something not dissimilar to cardboard!

Could do with a few more kitchen utensils we took lasagne to cook and had to use a wooden spoon to scoop it out. Overall, would highly recommend – a great base for local areas”. Will keep my eye on pricing though Great place, great facilities in the Lodge. Please can you put a mirror in the 3rd bedroom!! Would thoroughly recommend. Whilst the lodge itself was excellent the position of the lodge made it not very private.

The lounge and the balcony with hot tub faces the pathway tothe rear exit dog walk and as the pathway rises people can look straight into the lounge and balcony.

 
 

 
 

Nearby points of interest Durdle Door. Local amenities Powered by Clay Pipe Inn. Lovely lodge and very Covid friendly. Hot tub was fab. Would highly recommend if you want to get away from it all.

The park is clean, peaceful and relaxing. A pub for meals within easy walking distance. The lodge is exceptional. Everything you could need is there. Spacious and comfortable. The hot tub is a fab addition. Would highly recommend. The main room is spacious with dressing area and ensuite, but the twin rooms are very small fine for children.

If you are a light sleeper, it would be worth taking ear plugs as the walls are made from something not dissimilar to cardboard! Could do with a few more kitchen utensils we took lasagne to cook and had to use a wooden spoon to scoop it out. Overall, would highly recommend – a great base for local areas”. Will keep my eye on pricing though Great place, great facilities in the Lodge. Please can you put a mirror in the 3rd bedroom!! Would thoroughly recommend.

Whilst the lodge itself was excellent the position of the lodge made it not very private. The lounge and the balcony with hot tub faces the pathway tothe rear exit dog walk and as the pathway rises people can look straight into the lounge and balcony. Patio doors leading to spacious decking with outdoor hot tub. Ideal for a holiday with family or friends to celebrate any occasion. We have recommended to all of our accommodation providers that they consider Covid guidance to adapt their cleaning processes.

The owner of this accommodation has told us they are following the Safer Stays message, which includes:. We’re sorry, this accommodation can only be booked on request. Please call us on so we can quickly book it for you. Luxurious and contemporary lodge with one spacious double with stylish ensuite bathroom with bath and overhead shower. Patio doors leading to decking. Perfect for a luxurious, romantic break away to celebrate any occasion. Stunning, spacious lodge with one double with ensuite shower and one twin.

Stylish bathroom with bath and overhead shower. Patio doors leading to outdoor decking. Perfect for a break with family or friends. Spacious and contemporary lodge with one double with ensuite shower and one twin. Bathroom with bath and overhead shower.

Patio doors leading to spacious decking. Perfect for a peaceful family break away. Luxurious and contemporary lodge with one double with stylish ensuite shower and one twin.

Spacious shower room. Ideal for family escapes in the region. Ideal for a relaxing break with family and friends. Patio doors leading to decking with outdoor hot tub. Patio doors leading to outdoor decking with outdoor hot tub. Ideal for a break with loved ones. Perfect for a peaceful break away with family or friends. Patio doors leading to spacious decking and outdoor hot tub. Perfect for family breaks in the region. Wareham Forest , Dorset Hazel 3 Premier 6 guests 3 bedrooms 2 bathrooms Pet Friendly Enjoy a luxury break in Dorset in our Hazel 3 Premier lodge which comes with private hot tub facilities and a range of other luxuries.

Living Central heating Freeview TV. Extras Free Wifi Hot tub. Lulworth Castle Walk in the steps of royalty as you learn the history of Lulworth Castle. Brownsea Island. The isl Tank Museum. Lulworth Castle. Lytchett Bay. The Courtyard Craft Centre. The Courtyard. Town Hall East Street. Wareham Town Museum. Parsons Pleasure. Farmer Palmers Farm Park. Purbeck Artisan Yard. The Creative Gallery. Poole BH15 4LZ. Ham Common. St Gabriel.

Lytchett Matravers Methodist Church. Rex Cinema. Getting around. Bournemouth BOH Southampton SOU Stayed there? What is the closest airport? The hotel is located 20 km away from Bournemouth airport. What is the earliest and the latest I can check-in?